Fiebre sin foco en niños menores de 36 meses tratados en el servicio de emergencias del Hospital del Niño "Dr. Ovidio Aliaga Uría" / Fever without source in children under 36 months treated at emergency department of Hospital del Niño "Dr. Ovidio Aliaga Uría "

Con el propósito de identificar la etiología de la fiebre sin foco de los niños atendidos en el servicio de emergencias del Hospital del Niño y relacionar los resultados de laboratorio obtenidos con infección bacteriana. Se realizó un estudio de cohorte observacional prospectivo en cien pacientes que acudieron a consulta por fiebre, y en los cuales no se logró identificar un foco infeccioso. Se encontró que la mayor frecuencia de tiempo de fiebre fue de 1 y 2 días. 36% presentaba > 15.000 leucocitos/mm³, 20% presentaba RAN > 10.000/mm³ y 10% bandemia > 500/mm³. Veintiséis pacientes fueron diagnosticados de infección urinaria. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron: infección de vías respiratorias altas e infección urinaria no complicada. 11 pacientes fueron catalogados como infección bacteriana severa. El grado de fiebre mayor a 39° y la probabilidad de cursar con infección bacteriana mostró un RR de 0,8 (IC 95% 0.42-1.82). La asociación de leucocitosis mayor a 15.000/mm³ e infección bacteriana mostró un RR de 3.32 (IC 95% 2.06-5.34). La asociación con un RAN > 10.000/ mm³ tuvo un RR de 3.17 (IC 95% 2.23-4.49), y con bandemia > 500/mm³ un RR de 2.38 (IC 95% 1.07-3.33). Se ratifican los hallazgos identificados en estudios similares, encontrándose como mayores predictores de infección bacteriana la leucocitosis mayor a 15.000/mm³, el RAN mayor a 10.000/mm³ y la bandemia mayor a 500/mm³.

In order to identify the etiology of fever with out source in children treated at emergency department of Hospital del Niño and relate laboratory results obtained with bacterial infection. A prospective observational cohort study was conducted in one hundred patients who attended with fever, and which failed to identify a source of infection. The main results the most common diagnoses were uncomplicated upper respiratory infection and urinary tract infection, 11 patients were classified with severe bacterial infection. The degree of fever greater than 39° and the like lihood of bacterial infection was presented with a RR of 0.8 (95% CI 0.42-1.82). The association of leukocytosis > 15.000/mm³and bacterial infection showed a RR of 3.32 (95% CI 2.06-5.34). Partnering with ANC > 10.000/mm³had an RR of 3.17 (95% CI 2.23-4.49), and band neutrophils > 500/mm³a RR of 2.38 (1.07-3.33 95%). This study ratifies the findings identified in similar studies, found as major predictors of bacterial infection leukocytosis > 15.000/mm³, the ANC > 10.000/mm³ and band neutrophils > 500/mm³.

Febre sem sinais localizatórios: avaliação de um protocolo de atendimento / Fever without source: evaluation of a guideline

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a aplicabilidade de um protocolo de atendimento padronizado para crianças de até 36 meses de idade com febre sem sinais localizatórios (FSSL). MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte prospectivo em crianças com FSSL atendidas no Pronto-Socorro do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP), de junho de 2006 a maio de 2007. O protocolo estratifica o risco de infecção bacteriana grave (IBG) de acordo com a presença ou não de toxemia, idade e valor da temperatura. Conforme avaliação de risco, indicava-se triagem laboratorial: hemograma, hemocultura, sedimento urinário, urocultura e, se necessário, radiografia torácica, liquor e coprocultura. RESULTADOS: Foram estudadas 251 crianças das quais 215 foram acompanhadas até o diagnóstico final. Vinte crianças apresentavam toxemia, e 195 estavam em bom estado geral (30 com idade de até 3 meses, e 165, de 3 a 36 meses). Nas crianças de 3 a 36 meses não toxêmicas, 95 tinham temperatura axilar > 39 ºC. Em 107 crianças (49,8 por cento), houve melhora espontânea do quadro febril; em 88 (40,9 por cento), foi identificada doença benigna autolimitada; e em 20 (9,3 por cento), IBG. Dentre as IBG, identificamos 16 infecções urinárias, três pneumonias e uma bacteremia oculta. Das 215, 129 (60 por cento) não receberam qualquer antibioticoterapia, e 86 receberam antibiótico em algum momento (45, empiricamente). O antibiótico empírico foi mantido por, em média, 72 horas. CONCLUSÃO: O protocolo aplicado mostrou-se adequado para o seguimento destas crianças que fizeram coleta de exames simples e passíveis de serem realizados na maioria dos serviços. A infecção urinária foi a IBG mais frequente nas crianças com FSSL.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the applicability of a standardized guideline for children up to 36 months of age with fever without source (FWS). METHODS: Prospective cohort study involving children with FWS treated at the emergency department of Hospital Universitário, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, from June 2006 to May 2007. The guideline classifies the risk of serious bacterial infection (SBI) according to the presence or absence of toxemia, age, and temperature. Laboratory screening was based on risk assessment: complete blood count, blood culture, urinalysis, urine culture, and, if necessary, chest radiography, cerebrospinal fluid, and coproculture. RESULTS: We studied 251 children and, of these, 215 were followed up until the final diagnosis. Toxemia was found in 20 children, and 195 were well-appearing (30 up to 3 months old and 165 from 3 to 36 months old). Among those children from 3 to 36 months without toxemia, 95 had axillary temperature > 39 ºC. In 107 (49.8 percent) children, there was spontaneous resolution of fever; in 88 (40.9 percent), benign self-limited disease was identified; and in 20 (9.3 percent), there was SBI. Among the cases of SBI, we identified 16 urinary tract infections, three cases of pneumonia and one occult bacteremia. Of the 215 children, 129 (60 percent) received no antibiotics, and 86 received antibiotics at some point (45 empirically). Empirical antibiotic treatment was maintained for an average of 72 hours. CONCLUSION: The guideline was shown to be appropriate to follow up these children using simple laboratory tests that can be carried out at most health facilities. The most frequent SBI in this sample was urinary tract infection.

Predictive factors for severe infection among febrile infants younger than three months of age / 소아과

PURPOSE: This study investigated the predictive factors for identifying infection-prone febrile infants younger than three months. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 167 infants younger than three months with an axillary temperature >38degrees C who were hospitalized between 2006 and 2008. If they met any of the following criteria, positive blood culture, CSF WBC > or =11/mm3 or positive CSF culture, urinalysis WBC > or =6/HPF and positive urine culture, WBC > or =6/HPF on microscopic stool examination or positive stool culture, they were considered at high risk for severe infection. Infants with focal infection, respiratory infection or antibiotic administration prior to admission to the hospital were excluded. We evaluated the symptoms, physical examination findings, laboratory data, and the clinical course between the high risk and low risk groups for severe infection. RESULTS: The high-risk group included 77(46.1%) infants, and the most common diagnosis was urinary tract infection (51.9%). Factors, such as male sex, ESR and CRP were statistically different between the two groups. But, a multilinear regression analysis for severe infection showed that male and ESR factors are significant. CONCLUSION: We did not find the distinguishing symptoms and laboratory findings for identifying severe infection-prone febrile infants younger than three months. However, the high-risk group was male and ESR-dominated, and these can possibly be used as predictive factors for severe infection.

Usefulness of Low Risk Criteria for Serious Bacterial Infection Among Febrile Infants Younger than Three Months of Age

PURPOSE: A retrospective study was undertaken to evaluate the usefulness of low risk criteria for identifying febrile infants younger than three months unlikely to have serious bacterial infection. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 527 infants younger than three month with a axillary temperature >or=37.4degrees C. If they met the following all four criteria, appear well, WBC 5,000-20,000/mm3, urine stick WBC(-) and nitrite(-), CSF WBC <10/mm3, they were considered at low risk for serious bacterial infection(SBI). SBI was defined as a positive culture of urine, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid. The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value and positive predictive value of the low risk criteria were calculated. RESULTS: Of 527 febrile infants, 110(21.0%) had serious bacterial infections. The 2.7% who met the low risk criteria had SBI and negative predictive value was 97.3%. SBI was diagnosed in 103 infants(38.6%) who didn't meet the low risk criteria including urinary tract infection(78.6%), most commonly, bacteremia(16.5%), bacterial meningitis(8.7%), Salmonella gastroenteritis(1%), osteomyelitis(1%), septic arthritis of hip joint(1%). There were no differences in the sensitivity and negative predictive value according to the monthly-age-group. CONCLUSION: This low risk criteria to identify infants unlikely to have SBI early is available, however low risk infants must be carefully observed.